Tutorial: counting sunspots on a white-light stack¶

This walks through a real capture from start to finished table: a white-light video of the Sun taken on 2025-09-17 (2025-09-17-161400-Solar.mp4, a phone through a solar filter, 1080 by 1920 pixels, the disc 402 pixels in radius). You need Helia 0.5 or later and one white-light capture with the whole disc in the frame. The method is described in Sunspots, groups and the Wolf number.

1. Stack the capture¶

In the app, open the file, choose the White light filter in the Open step, keep the defaults (the best 25%), and press Stack. On the command line:

helia stack 2025-09-17-161400-Solar.mp4 -o solar.tif --preset white --channel g

White light stacks the green channel: it is the sharpest and the least affected by atmospheric dispersion. Do not sharpen yet: the detection works on the flattened disc, and sharpening adds ringing at the limb and around spots. (A FITS output also carries the capture time.)

2. Find the spots¶

On the command line, with the capture time (UTC) so that the Sun's tilt is known:

helia sunspots solar.tif --date 2025-09-17T16:14:00 \
    --csv spots.csv --json spots.json --overlay spots.png

In the app, set Sunspots to Find in the Stack step before pressing Stack (the time comes from the capture if it has timestamps; without one there is no Carrington longitude), then use Show overlay and Save table and overlay. Leave the observer factor k at 1 for the raw count.

What you should see:

disc:        centre (554.5, 980.8), radius 401.7 px
7 groups, 14 spots; Wolf number 84.0 (k = 1)
area 1218 millionths of the hemisphere corrected (795 as seen), umbra 380
P 24.49, B0 7.16, L0 247.82 degrees

The overlay: penumbra in yellow, umbra in red, group numbers in green, the limb in cyan, an arrow to solar north

The overlay of this capture, cropped to the disc. Penumbrae are outlined yellow, umbrae red, the limb cyan and each group is numbered in green; the white line is solar north.

Check the overlay against the picture before you trust the numbers: every outlined region should be a spot you can see, and every visible spot should be outlined.

3. Read the table¶

spots.csv has a row per spot: area_msh is its corrected area in millionths of the visible hemisphere, projected_msh the area as seen, lat_deg and lon_deg its heliographic position (Carrington longitude, from the time you gave). The spot at central meridian distance -73.8 degrees is seen at 98 MSH but is 326 MSH on the Sun: that is the foreshortening correction at work. A spot near the middle of the disc (mu near 1) has the two areas equal. The full column list is in the user guide.

4. If the north is not up¶

By default solar north is taken to be at the top of the image. If your camera is elsewhere, latitude and longitude will be wrong (counts and areas are not): add --north-angle DEG (counter-clockwise from the top), or --celestial-north-up for an equatorial mount with the image north up, or --mirror for a mirror image. The app offers only Celestial north is up; use the command line for other angles.

What to expect and what can go wrong¶

What you see	Why	What to do
Hundreds of tiny "spots" over the whole disc	Not white light (H-alpha and calcium have dark filaments and plage), or a very noisy stack	Use a white-light stack; raise `--sunspot-min-area`
A big false group along one side of the disc	A cloud, vignette or uneven flat: dark regions over 6000 MSH are dropped with a note, smaller ones are not	Re-stack on a clear frame range, or lower `--sunspot-penumbra`
A visible pore is missing	Pores under 4 pixels or 2 MSH are not counted	Lower `--sunspot-min-area`
Two groups that are really one	The groups are further apart than 3 degrees	Raise `--sunspot-group-gap`
"no clear solar disc"	The whole disc is not in frame, or the contrast is too low	Frame the whole disc
Wolf number differs from the official one	k is 1 and groups are drawn by distance, not Zurich class	Calibrate k against the published series for your instrument

The result is stable across the stack: keeping 6, 12, 25 or 50% of the frames of this capture gave 7 groups and 14, 14, 13 and 13 spots (Wolf 84, 84, 83, 83).

Bars of spots found: 14 at 6% of the frames kept, 14 at 12%, 13 at 25% and 13 at 50%.

Spots found in the 2025-09-17 phone video (7 groups each time) when 6, 12, 25 and 50% of the frames are stacked, from the text.

Bars of the Wolf number: 84 at 6% of the frames kept, 84 at 12%, 83 at 25% and 83 at 50%.

Wolf number (k = 1) for the same four stacks, from the text.